Ways and Means Advances (WMA) : Banking Awareness Study Notes

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Banking Awareness is considered to be the high scoring section in any competitive exam. It includes two main portions, current affairs GK and static GK. In this article, we will discuss some really important Banking Awareness topics that are covered in almost all competitive exams. Also, you can download the PDF of lists of different Banking Awareness topics.

 In Banking Section, the questions are asked from following topics: History of Banking, banking terms, Marketing of Banking Products, Functions of Banks, Banks and their taglines, schemes, committees related to banking, headquarters of bank, some Banking news related, apps launched by banks, new schemes etc. 

In a series of sharing useful study material for upcoming banking exams. Here, we are providing Banking Awareness notes for all banking Exams (IBPS, SBI & Other Banking Exams).


Ways and Means Advances (WMA) : Banking Awareness Study Notes


The WMA scheme for the Central Government was introduced on April 1, 1997. Before that (for around 45 years), there was the ad-hoc treasury bills which was used to finance short term borrowings of the Central Government.

The WMA scheme was designed to meet temporary mismatches in the receipts and payments of the government. This facility can be availed by the government if it needs immediate cash from the RBI. The WMA is a loan facility form the RBI for 90 days which implies that the government has to vacate the facility after 90 days. Interest rate for WMA is currently charged at the repo rate. The limits for WMA are mutually decided by the RBI and the Government of India.

If the WMA is extended for more than 90 days, it will be treated as an overdraft.

When was Ways and Means Advances introduced?

The Ways and Means Advances scheme was introduced in 1997.

Purpose of the WMA scheme

The Ways and Means Advances scheme was introduced to meet mismatches in the receipts and payments of the government.

How does it work?

The government can avail of immediate cash from the RBI, if required. But it has to return the amount within 90 days. Interest is charged at the existing repo rate.
If the WMA exceeds 90 days, it would be treated as an overdraft (interest rate on overdrafts is 2 percentage points more than the repo rate).

What is WMA limit?

The limits for Ways and Means Advances are decided by the government and RBI mutually and revised periodically.

Types of WMA

There are two types of Ways and Means Advances — normal and special.
Special WMA or Special Drawing Facility is provided against the collateral of the government securities held by the state. After the state has exhausted the limit of SDF, it gets normal WMA. The interest rate for SDF is one percentage point less than the repo rate.
The number of loans under normal WMA is based on a three-year average of actual revenue and capital expenditure of the state.

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